ENGLISH 1. TENSIS 2. PASSIVE VOICE 3. POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE, SUPERLATIVE DEGREE 4. PREPOSITION 5. PHRASAL VERB 6. GERUND 7. COMPOUND NOUN 8. ADVERD OF MANNER, PLACE, TIME

TENSES

A.      Present tense                             1. simple present tense

              2. Simple continuous tense

              3. Simple perfect tense

            4. Simple perfect continuous tense

1.      Simple present tense

Simple present tense is to indicate present time (now) with the following stative verbs and to indicate a regular or habitual action.

S + V1 + (s/es) + O

Formula :

V1+es                 Subject : he, she, it

                           Example : the coffee tastes delicious

                           Ch, sh, X, O, S, Y

                           Example : mixes, washes, goes, watches

Example :

We make homework in our home

2.      Present continuous tense

Present continuous tense or present progressive

The present progressive is to indicate present time (now) with all but stative verb listed previously and to indicate future time.

Formula :

S + to be (am, is, are) +  V1-ing + O

           

Subject	auxiliary verb
I	am
We	are
You	are
They	are
He	is
She	Is
It	is

Example :

We are making homework in our home

3.      Present perfect tense

Present perfect tense is to indicate :

1.      An action that happened at an indefinite time in the fast.

Example : john has traveled around the world. (we don’t known when)

2.      An action that happened more than once in the past.

Example : john has seen this movie three times

3.      an action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present.

Example : john has lived in the same house for twenty years. (he still lives there)

S + (Have, Has) + V3 + O

            Formula :

           

           

Subject	Auxiliary verb
I	Have
We	Have
You	Have
They	Have
He	Has
She	Has
It	Has

Example :

We have made homework in our home

4.      Present perfect continuous tense

Present perfect continuous tense is to indicate :

1.      An action that has just stopped or recently stopped ( an action started in the past and stopped recently)

Example : you don’t understand because you haven’t been listening

2.      An action continuing up to now ( an action that started in the past and is continuing now)

Example : we’ve been studying since 9 o’clock. (We are still studying now)

3.      Often used with for or since

Example : I have been watching TV since 7pm

S + (Have, Has) + been + V1-ing + O

            Formula :

           

            Example :

            We have been making homework in our home

B.      Past tense                   1.   Simple past tense

2.    Past continuous tense

3.    Past perfect tense

 4.   Past perfect continuous tense

            1. Simple past tense

Simple past tense is used for a completed action that happened at one specific time in the fast and sometimes called the preterite tense.

Formula :

	S + V2 + O

 

Example :

We made homework in our home

2. Past continuous tense

Past continuous tense is to indicate :

1.      An action which was occurring in the past and was interrupted by another action.

The general rule is :

	When + subject 1 + simple past tense + subject 2 + past progressive

 

OR

	Subject 2 + past progressive + when + subject 1 + simple past tense

 

Example :

When mark came home, Martha was watching television

OR

Martha was watching television when Mark  came home 

2.      Two action occurring at the same time in the past.

	Subject 1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + past progressive

 

OR

While + subject 2 + past progressive + subject 1 + past progressive

 

Example :

Martha was watching television while john was reading book

OR

While john was reading a book, Marta was watching television

3.      An action which was occurring at some specific time in the fast.

Example : Martha was watching television at seven o’clock last night

Examples of past progressive :

The student was reading while the professor was speaking

S + (Was, Were) + V1-ing + O

Formula :

Subject	Auxiliary verb
You	Were
We	Were
They	Were
I	Was
He	Was
She	Was
It	Was

Example :

We were making homework in our home

3. Past perfect tense

The past perfect is to indicate :

1.      An action that happened before another action in the past ( there usually are two action in the sentence)

Example : john had gone to the store before he went home

                       1^st action                                  2^nd action

2.      A state which continued for a time in the past, but stopped before new

Example : Abdu had lived in new York for ten years before he moved to California 

3.      Usually used with before, after, or when.

Subject 1 + past perfect + before + subject 2 + simple past tense

Formulas :

     

OR

	Subject 1 + simple past tense + after + subject 2 + past perfect

 

Example :

John had gone to the store before he went home

OR

 John went home after he had gone to the store

            Formula :

S + Had + V3 + O

           

            Example :

            We had mad homework in our home

4.      Past perfect continuous tense

            Past perfect continuous tense is like the present perfect continuous tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past

            Example : Ram started waiting at 9am, I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours

            Formula :

S + Had + Been + V1-ing + O

Example :

We had been making homework in our home

C.      future tense                          1. Simple future tense

            2. Future continuous tense

            3. Future perfect tense

            4. Future perfect continuous tense

1.      Simple future tense

The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will.

S + (Shall, Will) + V1 + O

Formula :

Subject	Auxiliary verb
I	Shall
We	Shall
You	Will
They	Will
He	Will
She	Will
It	Will

Example :

We shall make homework in our home

2.      Future continuous tense

The future continuous tense is…..

Formula :

	S + (shall, will) + be + V1-ing + O

 

Example :

We shall be making homework in our home

3.      Future perfect tense

The future perfect tense is talks about the past in the future.

Formula :

	S + (shall, will) + have + V3 + O

 

Example :

We shall have made homework in our home

4.      Future perfect continuous tense

The future perfect continuous tense is to talk about a long action before some point in the future.

Formula :

	S + (Shall, will) + Have Been + V1-ing + O

 

Example :

We shall have been make homework in our home

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is form of a verb used when the subject is affected by the action by the action of the verb

A.     Passive voice in the present tense

No	Present tense	Formula active	Formula passive
1	Simple present tense	S + V1 + O	S + (is, am, are) + V3 + by + O
2	Present continuous tense	S + (is, am, are) + V1-ing + O	S + (is, am, are) + being + V3 + by + O
3	Present perfect tense	S + (have, has) + V3 + O	S + (have, has) + been + V3 + by + O
4	Present perfect continuous tense	S + (have, has) + been + V1-ing + O	S + (have, has) + been + being + V3 + by + O

Examples :

No	Present tense	Example for active	Example for passive
1	Simple present tense	We make homework in our home	Homework is made by us in our home
2	Present continuous tense	We are making homework in our home	Homework is being made by us in our home
3	Present perfect tense	We have made homework in our home	Homework has been made by us in our home
4	Present perfect continuous tense	We have been making homework in our home	Homework has been being made by us in our home

B.      Passive voice in the past tense

No	Past tense	Formula active	Formula passive
1	Simple past tense	S + V2 + O	S + (was, were) + V3 + by + O
2	Past continuous tense	S + (was, were) + V1-ing + O	S + (was, were) + being + V3 + by + O
3	Past perfect tense	S + Had + V3 + O	S + had been + V3 + by + O
4	Past perfect continuous tense	S + Had + Been + V1-ing + O	S + had been + being + V3 + by +O

Examples :

No	Past tense	Example for active	Example for passive
1	Simple past tense	We made homework in our home	Homework was made by us in our home
2	Past continuous tense	We were making homework in our home	Homework was being made by us in our home
3	Past perfect tense	We had made homework in our home	Homework had been made by us in our home
4	Past perfect continuous tense	We had been making homework in our home	Homework had been being made by us in our home

C.      Passive voice in the future tense

No	Future tense	Formula active	Formula passive
1	Simple future tense	S + (shall, will) + V1 + O	S + (shall, will) + be + V3 + by + O
2	Future continuous tense	S + (shall, will) + be + V1-ing + O	S + (shall, will) + be + been + V3 + by + O
3	Future perfect tense	S + (shall, will) + have + V3 + O	S + (shall, will) + have + been + V3 + by + O
4	Future perfect continuous tense	S + (shall, will) + have been + V1-ing + O	S + (shall, will) + have been + being + V3 + by + O

No	Future tense	Example for active	Example for passive
1	Simple future tense	We shall make homework in our home	Homework will be made by us in our home
2	Future continuous tense	We shall be making homework in our home	Homework will be been made by us in our home
3	Future perfect tense	We shall have made homework in our home	Homework will have been made by us in our home
4	Future perfect continuous tense	We shall have been making homework in our home	Homework will have been being made by us in our home

Example :

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.
They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree. 

1.      Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree.

Example :

This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about. 

2.       Comparative degree.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree. 

Example :

This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning. 

3.      Superlative degree: 

When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,

We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees. 

Example :

This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)
This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)

The term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning. 

No	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
1	Lucky	Luckier	Luckiest
2	Heavy	Heavier	Heaviest
3	Happy	Happier	Happiest
4	Alert	More alert	Most alert
5	Remarkable	More remarkable	Most remarkable
6	Well	Better	Best
7	Bad	Worse	Worst
8	Many	More	Most
9	Far	Further	Farthest
10	Old	Elder	Eldest

PREPOSITION

Prepositions are the words that indicate location. Usually, prepositions show this location in the physical world.
Examples :

1.         At school

At = preposition, school = noun

2.         According to us

According to = preposition, us = pronoun

3.         By chewing

By = preposition, chewing = gerund

Preposition

In

Inside

Into

Like

Minus

Over

Of

Off

On

Onto

PHRASAL VERB

Phrasal verbs are usually two-word phrases consisting of verb + adverb or verb + preposition.
A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb.

Example:
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night.(run + into = meet)
He ran away when he was 15. (run + away = leave home)

No	Verb	Meaning
1	Ask around	Ask many people the same question
2	Blow up	Explode
3	Break down	Stop functioning (vehicle, machine)
4	Break in	Force entry to a building
5	Break up	End a relationship
6	Break out	Escape
7	Call around	Phone many different places / people
8	Catch up	Get to the same point as someone else
9	Go over	Visit someone nearby
10	Hold on	Wait a short time

GERUND

Gerund is (verb + ing) can be used in sentence in various way

Gerund	Example
As a subject	Swimming is my favorite sport
After preposition	By swimming once, we can’t swim fluently
After certain verb	I suggest buying on credit
Predicate noun	John suggested the asking of bill

COMPOUND NOUN

A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words.
Most compound nouns in English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives.
Example :

1.      Tooth and paste.

Be : toothpaste

2.      Black and board

Be : blackboard

Noun	+	Noun	Toothpaste
Adjective	+	Noun	monthly ticket
Verb	+	Noun	swimming pool
Preposition	+	Noun	Underground
Noun	+	Verb	Haircut
Noun	+	Preposition	hanger on
Adjective	+	Verb	dry-cleaning
Preposition	+	Verb	Output

ADVERB

Adverb	Mean	Example
Adverb of manner	Tell when	Lili read the novel today
Adverb of place	Tell where	Lili read the novel in her home
Adverb of time	Tell how	Lili read the novel slowly

When	Where	How
Yesterday	Here	Slowly
Today	There	Gracefully
Tomorrow	Every where	Swiftly
Soon		Quickly

Another example :
Adverbs of time tell when.
Example:
The train left yesterday.
Yesterday is an adverb of time. It tells when the train left.
Adverbs of place tell where.
Example:
The boy walked away.
Away is an adverb of place. It tells where the boy walked.
Adverbs of manner tell how.
Example:
The boy walked quickly.
Quickly is an adverb of manner. It tells how the boy walked.